Image Interpretation: Incomplete, Partial thickness, undersurface tear of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) at the femoral attachment, consistent with a grade 2 proximal MCL injury.
Teaching Pearl: MCL injury can be suggested on ultrasound by focal thickening, hypoechogenicity, fiber disruption, perifascial fluid, and pain with sonopalpation. Because the MCL is broad and flat, it's important to scan its full anterior-to-posterior extent and also evaluate both the femoral and tibial attachments. Note that the tibial attachment is quite distal.
Abnormal thickening has been described at the femoral and tibial attachments, but side-to-side comparison and dynamic valgus stress can improve interpretation. MRI is appropriate when multiligament injury, meniscal injury, or surgical planning is suspected.
References:
1. Lee JI, Song IS, Jung YB, et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 1996;15(9):621-625. doi:10.7863/jum.1996.15.9.621
2. Ahmadi O, Heydari F, Golshani K, Derakhshan S. Point-of-care ultrasonography for diagnosis of medial collateral ligament tears in acute knee trauma: a diagnostic accuracy study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2022;10(1):e47. doi:10.22037/aaem.v10i1.1480
3. Athwal KK, Willinger L, Shinohara S, Ball S, Williams A, Amis AA. The bone attachments of the medial collateral and posterior oblique ligaments are defined anatomically and radiographically. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020;28(12):3709-3719. doi:10.1007/s00167-020-06139-6